How does it get here?
Take a deep breath and bend over, please, while we examine the trade routes that bring drugs into the UK.
As incredible as it may sound, the drug industry accounts for 8% of all yearly international trade - the same as oil or tourism. In the UK, the drugs industry is worth about £8 billion per year, and a large proportion of that is spent on drugs brought in from other countries.
It's no doubt helped by the profit made from drugs on the street like cocaine, worth £42 per gram as compared to the cost at source of £850 per kilo. The UK heroin industry is worth £2.3 billion with an estimated 270,000 users.
Methods of smuggling drugs:
- Via ship, usually in cargo freight containers.
- Via air, either in freight or with passengers, or mules as they are also known. The mule either swallows the drugs or it is hidden on their person or luggage.
- Through small boats or light aircraft, landing illegally and evading the usual customs checks.
- Through packages posted from source to the UK.
- Through smaller airports.
Tackling the traffic
Robert Buxton, who works for Customs and Excise, says: "Drugs come in mostly by container freight on ships, usually on the largest trade routes, and through the main docks such as Felixstowe, Liverpool and Southampton. And in cargo via airports and passengers and their luggage. As well as stopping the drugs at sea and airports, though, we tackle the problem near the source as much as possible. We have overseas officers in Columbia and Peru for instance."
In February 2006, the Royal Navy ship HMS Southampton seized three-and-a-half tonnes of cocaine from a cargo ship off the coast of Miami. The drugs were heading for the UK, where the overall street value was estimated to be £350m. "The success of this seizure will send a clear message of determination to stop the smuggling of illegal drugs," said HMS Southampton's Commanding Officer, Rob Vitali.
Another way of tackling the problem of drug trafficking is through education and drug treatment. Buxton explains that it's also important to deal with the financial aspect of trade: "We freeze assets and take away the property and money of those involved in the criminal networks. Once they have no money to pay for more drugs to be brought into the country it's impossible to operate. We take out the profit from it and that's why smugglers are in the business - to profit. But it's always an ongoing battle and will be as long as there is a demand for drugs."
John Stirling, a freelance drugs journalist, agrees: "Drug smugglers are coming up with more ingenious methods to bring their cargo into the country. As they are thwarted with one smuggling method, they come up with another like mules forced to smuggle because drug barons are holding their family hostage until the job is done."
Drug trade routes
Heroin: Afghanistan accounts for 75% of the world's heroin consumption and 90% of the UK supply. It's transported from source through old USSR countries like Kazakhstan and into Turkey where it is then refined. It is then either taken to Greece where it is shipped to Marseilles or driven into Europe and eventually into the UK.
Ecstasy/ other synthetic drugs: mostly produced in the Netherlands and smuggled in on the UK's eastern seaboard.
Cocaine/ crack: Colombia is the world's biggest producer of cocaine. Smugglers move the drug by light aircraft to the Caribbean where it is transferred to cargo ship and transported either to this country or to Holland or Germany, switched to another ship or lorry and then smuggled in.
Crack is produced in the Caribbean and flown straight into the UK. Some sources believe that one in 10 Jamaican passengers are smuggling it.
Cannabis is produced in the Caribbean, where it is smuggled in via air, although much of it still comes from west Africa and Morocco, transported by road or ship into Europe and into the UK.
Written by Martin Burrows
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